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Is aroma foot massage effective in reducing blood pressure and anxiety among community-dwelling adults as compared to no intervention?
Date of publication of randomized controlled trial: March 2016
Design
Randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Participants
57 Japanese community-dwelling adults (age range: 27 to 72 years, male %: 9.6%). Participants were excluded if they were pregnant, had tachycardia (heart rate [HR] >110 beats/min), bradycardia (HR<50 beats/min), severe hypertension (systolic BP [SBP]>180 mmHg, diastolic BP [DBP]>110 mmHg), severe arrhythmia, or cardiovascular disease.
Intervention
An aroma foot massage was performed under the supervision of a well-trained instructor after a 10-minute footbath. Duration of intervention was 45 minutes and the frequency was 3 times per week for 4 weeks.
Comparator
Comparison: Aroma foot massage versus no intervention
Major Outcomes
Outcome 1: Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP)at the end of the intervention;
Outcome 2: Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of the intervention;
Outcome 3: Change in state anxiety and psychological stress scores as measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at the end of the intervention.
Outcome 2: Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of the intervention;
Outcome 3: Change in state anxiety and psychological stress scores as measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at the end of the intervention.
Settings
The trial was conducted in outpatient settings.
Comparison Aroma foot massage versus no intervention
Main Results
Compared to no intervention, aroma foot massage significantly reduced the mean SBP (p = 0.02) and DBP (p = 0.006) among community-dwelling adults. Aroma food massage also significantly relieved their state anxiety and psychological stress (p = 0.003) when compared to no intervention.
| Outcomes | No. of studies (Total number of participants) | Mean (SE)/ No. of participants | Heterogeneity test (I2) | MD (95% CI) | p value | Overall quality of evidence* | |
| Intervention | Comparator | ||||||
| 1 (mmHg) | 1(57) | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable as there is only 1 trial | Not reported | 0.02 | Moderate |
| 2 (mmHg) | 1(57) | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable as there is only 1 trial | Not reported | 0.006 | Moderate |
| 3 (NA) | 1(57) | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable as there is only 1 trial | Not reported | 0.003 | Low |
Comparison Aroma foot massage versus no intervention
Main Results
Compared to no intervention, aroma foot massage significantly reduced the mean SBP (p = 0.02) and DBP (p = 0.006) among community-dwelling adults. Aroma food massage also significantly relieved their state anxiety and psychological stress (p = 0.003) when compared to no intervention.
Comparison: Aroma foot massage versus no intervention among community-dwelling adults
| Outcomes | 1 (mmHg) | 2 (mmHg) | 3 (NA) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies (Total number of participants) | 1(57) | 1(57) | 1(57) | |
| Mean (SE)/ No. of participants | Intervention | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Comparator | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | |
| MD (95% CI) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.003 | |
| Overall quality of evidence* | Moderate | Moderate | Low | |
Keys: SE= standard error; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval.
Conclusion
Benefits
This study showed that aroma foot massage significantly lowered the mean SBP, DBP, and reduced state anxiety and psychological stress when compared to no intervention.
.
For outcomes 1 and 2, the overall quality of evidence is moderate. Further research is fairly likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
For outcome 3, the overall quality of evidence is low. Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
Harms
There was no occurrence of adverse events in this trial.
Link to Original Article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807074/The synopsis is based on the following article:
Eguchi E, Funakubo N, Tomooka K, Ohira T, Ogino K, Tanigawa T. The effects of aroma foot massage on blood pressure and anxiety in Japanese community-dwelling men and women: a crossover randomized controlled trial. PloS one. 2016 Mar 24;11(3):e0151712.
Eguchi E, Funakubo N, Tomooka K, Ohira T, Ogino K, Tanigawa T. The effects of aroma foot massage on blood pressure and anxiety in Japanese community-dwelling men and women: a crossover randomized controlled trial. PloS one. 2016 Mar 24;11(3):e0151712.
* Interpretation of quality assessment results:
• Very low: Further research is most likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Low: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Moderate: Further research is fairly likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• High: Further research is unlikely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Very high: Further research is most unlikely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
Details of assessment method can be found at Chung VC, Wu XY, Ziea ET, Ng BF, Wong SY, Wu JC. Assessing internal validity of clinical evidence on effectiveness of CHinese and integrative medicine: Proposed framework for a CHinese and Integrative Medicine Evidence RAting System (CHIMERAS). European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2015 Aug 31;7(4):332-41.
• Very low: Further research is most likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Low: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Moderate: Further research is fairly likely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• High: Further research is unlikely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
• Very high: Further research is most unlikely to have an important impact on our confidence in this estimate of effect.
Details of assessment method can be found at Chung VC, Wu XY, Ziea ET, Ng BF, Wong SY, Wu JC. Assessing internal validity of clinical evidence on effectiveness of CHinese and integrative medicine: Proposed framework for a CHinese and Integrative Medicine Evidence RAting System (CHIMERAS). European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2015 Aug 31;7(4):332-41.
